Character of Thang Long-Hanoi people

When discussing the lifestyle of Hanoians, many people often quote the saying: “Even if it is not fragrant, it is still jasmine/ Even if it is not elegant, it is still a person from Trang An”. Some cultural researchers believe that this saying is the “muou” line in the ca tru song “Thanh Thang Long” by Nguyen Cong Tru (1778-1858). But there is another opinion, this saying is a folk song of Thang Long land and Nguyen Cong Tru included it in “Thanh Thang Long”.

Many people also quote the saying: "A refined person's voice is also refined/Even a bell rung softly by the city wall also rings" or the folk song of Lang village "Thanks to the refined person carrying the vegetables to the capital". Lang is a village on the banks of the To Lich River, west of the Thang Long capital, famous for growing vegetables. Because the people of the capital are refined, the Lang people carrying vegetables to sell must also be refined.

Hanoi Cultural House Hoang Dao Thuy.

Culturalist Hoang Dao Thuy (1900-1994) was from Lu village on the To Lich river but was born on Hang Dao street. He was the author of many books on history, culture, and social life in Hanoi before 1954, including the book "Elegant Hanoi" published in 1991. He had to study deeply and research carefully before naming the book like that. Elegance, subtlety, and elegance are cultural lifestyles. This lifestyle has surpassed instincts, reaching rationality, that is, being conscious, conscious of oneself and the community.

In Samuel Baron's "Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen" (Published in 1683), there is a passage about the men of Thang Long: "It is rare to see them drinking with red faces on the street or lying around drunk." When visiting the sick, they do not ask directly: "How is your illness?" but very tactfully: "How many bowls of rice have you eaten recently." Baron's father is Dutch, his mother is from Thang Long. He lived in Thang Long for several decades, and worked for a long time for the British East India Company.

Hanoi girls go to the flower market on the occasion of Tet Ky Hoi in 1959. (Photo: VNA)

Thang Long was the capital for about 800 years, from the Ly to Le dynasties, with a small area and a small population. In the capital, there were kings, mandarins, soldiers, and only a small part of the population worked in agriculture, the majority did business, services, and handicraft production. Every day on the street, they met mandarins and soldiers, so they were careful and discreet in their words to avoid trouble. The discreet lifestyle also affected women's clothing.

The book “In Tonkin” (Au Tonkin) is a collection of articles that Paul Bonnetain, a reporter for “Le Figaro” wrote about Tonkin and Hanoi in the late 19th century. In the article “Walking through Hanoi” he described the way women dressed: “We saw women wearing a dull colored cloak on the outside, but inside many wore very discreet ao dai, we counted up to ten bright colors”.

Jerome Richard was an English priest who lived in Thang Long for 18 years. He wrote "Natural, civil and political history of the Dang Ngoai region", published in 1778 (Histoire naturelle civile et politique du Tonkin).

Regarding the lifestyle in the capital Thang Long, he wrote: “following strict and orderly rituals” while outside the capital it was “more relaxed”. Unlike the villages far from the center of power where “the king’s law is weaker than the village’s customs”, the people of Thang Long “feel their faces burning when they are close to fire”.

Since the Ly dynasty, there were gold and silver shops, metal farming tool manufacturing shops, and the royal court had a Bach Tac workshop that produced consumer goods to serve the royal court's administrative apparatus.

Thang Long is also called Ke Cho. The business is entirely done by women. To sell their goods, they speak skillfully but not falsely, gently but convincingly, creating trust for customers. Lifestyle does not come naturally, according to the progress of society, it is subject to the regulation of laws, royal decrees, religions, beliefs... Mandatory adjustments gradually become customs, creating ethical standards for the community and society. However, Thang Long people are aware that living in the upper capital is a source of pride, so they themselves change.

Some people think that the elegant lifestyle only existed among the feudal intellectual class, this is not true, most of the people who passed the exams in the provinces went to Thang Long to become mandarins, and these mandarins were "Thang Long-ized" by the lifestyle.

Jerome Richard told about the meal he was invited to by a wealthy man in the capital as follows: “The host was very polite and hospitable, smiling politely at me at the door. He served me pork roll, which was cut very evenly, showing meticulousness and fairness. After eating, the host gave me a white towel to wipe my mouth and a basin of warm water to wash my hands.”

Thang Long is the capital. Since 1976, it has been the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The capital is the political center, economic and cultural center, so the lifestyle is different from people in agricultural regions.

In “Dai Nam Thuc Luc”, the official history of the Nguyen Dynasty, the “Fourth Period” section recorded the words of King Tu Duc about the lifestyle of Hanoi people. It can be summarized in 6 words: “Arrogant, luxurious, and generous”. Tu Duc was an intelligent king with extensive knowledge, and sat on the throne the longest among the Nguyen Dynasty kings (1848-1883), so his assessment is trustworthy.

Pride is to respect justice, hate evil, not to compete, within pride there is righteousness. During the Nguyen Dynasty, there were people from Hanoi who passed the exams to become mandarins, but there were also many scholars who had the ideology of "respecting Le" and were determined not to sit "at the same table" with the Nguyen Dynasty.

Following Chu Van An’s example, they returned to the city to open schools, such as the scholars: Le Dinh Dien, Vu Thach, Nguyen Huy Duc… Nguyen Sieu passed the exam and became an official for a while, but he was tired of the mandarin world, bowing and seeking fame and fortune, so he retired and opened Phuong Dinh school. The scholars taught their students knowledge, especially the personality of intellectuals in the transitional period. Looking back at history, few people from the old city became officials, and even fewer were high-ranking officials.

Not only are men generous and compassionate, but so are women and girls in Thang Long-Hanoi. An old folk song in Hanoi says, “Dong Thanh is your mother and father/If you are hungry and lack clothes, go to Dong Thanh.” Dong Thanh market has existed since the Ly dynasty. During years of natural disasters and crop failures, people from poor areas flocked to Thang Long. They went to the market and were given food and money by traders and market goers.

During the reign of King Tu Duc, Mrs. Le Thi Mai built a house for students from the provinces to stay for free. She also provided rice, paper and pens for poor students; the king gave her the title "Thien tuc kha phong". In 1927, a number of women established the "Nu tai tu" drama troupe to perform the play "Trang tu co bon" at the Opera House to raise money to support people in the northern provinces affected by floods. Mrs. Ca Moc (aka Hoang Thi Uyen) opened a free kindergarten. When the dike broke, she called on women traders in the streets to contribute and asked young people to bring it to the relief effort. She also established a nursing home for the elderly without a place to live. Moved by her kindness, in 1946, President Ho Chi Minh invited her to the Northern Government Palace for tea and hoped that she would continue to care for the poor.

Being sophisticated in business and sophisticated in entertainment is also a unique trait of Hanoians. During the Le Dynasty, Vong Thi village grew flowers, so it was called “Vong Thi flower field”. Coming here, one could not only enjoy the flowers but also drink the famous lotus wine of Thuy Khue village, enjoy ca tru and reward the singers with heart-stopping songs. The book “Vu trung tuy but” by Confucian scholar Pham Dinh Ho (1768-1839) is a record of Thang Long society during the period when “King Le and Lord Trinh” fought for power at the end of the 18th century.

Tet market in old Hanoi.

Pham Dinh Ho pointed out the evils of the mandarins in the court, praising the lifestyle of knowing how to eat, know how to play, and know how to behave of the people of Thang Long. About the hobby of playing with flowers, he wrote: “Playing with flowers for the people of Thang Long is not just a normal thing, but using flowers and ornamental plants to express human morality, in other words, just by looking at the people who play with flowers, we can know their morality. In the way of playing, there is still the idea of worldly teachings and heavenly relationships. Therefore, we use flower bushes and rocks to entrust noble ambitions”.

In the 1930s, Hanoi girls initiated a modern lifestyle. They did not part their hair in the middle to appear formal, but combed their bangs to the side, wore shorts, and wore swimsuits to swim at Quang Ba swimming pool. They learned French and wrote diaries. Although it was a new lifestyle, in essence, modernity was a movement of resistance against the harshness and cruelty of the old society towards women.

The modern movement of women in Hanoi was the first to demand gender equality in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. It is natural that they buy many luxury items because Thang Long-Hanoi has a middle class, luxury is also a form of showing off status or influenced by the idiom "Many money for thousands of years/With little money, you can start again and go".

Hang Gai Street sells toys on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month in 1926. (Photo: Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences)

Thang Long is a place where four directions converge, the later generations follow the lifestyle of the earlier generations. Some people believe that French civilization and culture gave birth to elegance. It cannot be denied that foreign culture has influenced the lifestyle, but it only makes elegance more intense. Lifestyle, manners, and character are not immutable values, they change to suit the economy and society of Hanoi today, but they change on the inherent character.