The Party's correct leadership of the revolutionary line
Firstly, our Party has creatively applied the theory of revolutionary violence in new conditions.
During the resistance war against the US to save the country, our Party creatively applied the theory of revolutionary violence in new conditions, bringing the form of uprising and rebellion of the masses into the war, increasing the strength of revolutionary war many times over.
The Resolution of the 15th Central Conference, Session 2 (January 1959) affirmed: "The basic development path of the Vietnamese revolution in the South is to revolt and seize power for the people. According to the specific situation and current requirements of the revolution, that path is to take the strength of the masses, rely mainly on the political force of the masses, combine the armed forces to overthrow the domination of imperialism and feudalism and establish the revolutionary government of the people" (1) . The Resolution of the 15th Central Conference was "the Party's will in harmony with the people's will", immediately creating a large-scale Dong Khoi movement (1960) in the South, shaking the roots of the enemy government at the grassroots level.
With an independent, autonomous, and creative revolutionary line, our Party led the Vietnamese revolution to consecutive great victories, causing the collapse of the US imperialists' war strategies, forcing the US to sign the Paris Agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in Vietnam on January 27, 1973. According to the Agreement, the US military had to unilaterally withdraw from our country. However, with its stubborn and belligerent nature, the US continued to provide economic and military aid, directed the Saigon government and army to sabotage the newly signed Agreement, launched thousands of "pacification and encroachment" operations, and "territorial flooding" campaigns to destroy the revolutionary forces in the South. The US government also implemented a cunning foreign policy, agreeing with major socialist countries to reduce aid, exerting pressure to limit the victory of the Vietnamese revolution... In 1973 alone, the Saigon government committed 301,097 violations of the Agreement, including 34,266 encroachment operations and 216,550 pacification operations. Not only that, the US imperialists continued to maintain air and naval forces in the vicinity of Vietnam to "deter", combined with increasing cunning diplomatic activities, in order to restrain the development of our country's revolution.
In addition, some Party committees and localities, due to their vagueness and lack of vigilance, allowed the enemy to expand and encroach on many liberated areas. Correctly assessing the situation, in July 1973, the 21st Conference of the Party Central Committee, Session III, issued Resolution No. 227-NQ/TW, dated October 13, 1973, on "The great victory of the resistance war against the US, to save the country and the tasks of the revolution in Southern Vietnam in the new period", which affirmed: " The path of the Southern revolution is the path of revolutionary violence. In any situation, we must firmly grasp the opportunity, maintain the strategic offensive line and provide flexible direction to move the Southern revolution forward" (2) .
Our Party's policy of continuing the path of violent revolution after the Paris Agreement to liberate the South and unify the country is not only an objective requirement and a matter of law, but also demonstrates strategic thinking and vision, as well as the correct and creative application of Marxism-Leninism's theory of revolutionary violence to Vietnam's reality, creating a theoretical and practical basis for the 1975 Spring General Offensive and Uprising to achieve complete victory.
Second, decisively seize the opportunity, create a strategic opportunity to end the war.
If in the August Revolution of 1945, the Party knew how to prepare its forces carefully and when the opportunity arose, it knew how to seize the opportunity, then in the Spring General Offensive of 1975, the Party pushed the art of war direction and the art of seizing the opportunity to a new level. Comrade Le Duan assessed: "We forced the enemy to sign the Paris Agreement, which means we are stronger than the enemy, capable of defeating both the US and the puppet army. When the US was still there, we achieved such a victory, and after the US withdrew, we will be even stronger and will definitely defeat the puppet army completely" (3) .
In late 1974 and early 1975, the comparison of forces in the South changed rapidly in a direction increasingly favorable to the revolution. On that basis, from September 30 to October 8, 1974, the Politburo (expanded) with the participation of comrades in the Central Military Commission and the General Staff met (phase 1) to discuss the policy of completely liberating the South. After analyzing the situation in all aspects, the Politburo affirmed: This is the most favorable opportunity for our people to completely liberate the South, gain complete victory for the national and democratic revolution, and at the same time help Laos and Cambodia complete the cause of national liberation (4) .
From December 8, 1974 to January 7, 1975, the Politburo held its second meeting, continuing to supplement and complete the strategic determination to completely liberate the South. The Politburo deeply analyzed and compared the forces on the battlefield, affirming: "We must urgently prepare all aspects to successfully end the war of national salvation in 1975 or 1976... We must try our best to win completely in 1975. That is a realistic possibility" (5) .
The Politburo Conferences in October 1974 and January 1975 had great historical significance, correctly assessing the real situation, grasping the laws of revolutionary war, promptly discovering new factors to make accurate strategic decisions, when there is an opportunity, we must seize the opportunity, if we miss the opportunity, we will be guilty of a crime against the nation.
Implementing the Politburo's resolution, a key issue for the success of the entire war was to choose the main direction of attack and where to start the battle to ensure a sure victory, quickly gain the element of surprise, and from there choose a strategic position, changing the entire battlefield situation. In early February 1975, after considering the options, the Politburo and the Central Military Commission determined to choose the Central Highlands as the main direction of attack in 1975, and determined the opening battle to be Buon Me Thuot where the enemy had the most gaps. As expected by the Party, the Central Highlands campaign won a resounding victory.
On March 18, 1975, the Politburo and the Central Military Commission met in the context of the changing battlefield, making the assessment that we were capable of achieving great victory at a faster pace than expected; from there, the Politburo advocated completing the liberation of the South before the rainy season of 1975 and determined the main strategic offensive direction to be Saigon. With that determination, in fact, the campaign offensive had turned into a strategic offensive. The determination to win in 1975 was clearly a unique feature in the Party's war direction, not only stopping at the step of firmly grasping the opportunity, making the right strategic determination, but when the opportunity arose, faster than expected, promptly grasping it, directing the strategy sharply, promptly achieving greater and faster victory. The Politburo decided to launch the Hue - Da Nang campaign, directing Military Region 5 to coordinate with the Navy Command to launch a campaign to liberate the islands held by the Saigon puppet army.
On March 31, 1975, the Politburo met and assessed that the strategic opportunity to launch a general offensive and general uprising in the enemy's lair was ripe. The conference concluded: Our country's revolution is developing most vigorously at the pace of "One day equals 20 years". In that context, in early April 1975, the Politburo decided to establish the Command Headquarters for the Saigon - Gia Dinh Liberation Campaign. Thus, on the basis of correctly assessing the situation between us and the enemy, with outstanding efforts in creating position, creating force, creating opportunities, seizing opportunities, correctly predicting the development of the situation, decisively seizing opportunities, promptly choosing the right direction, and making accurate strategic decisions. Under the correct leadership of the Party, our army and people carried out the General Offensive and Uprising in the Spring of 1975, culminating in the Ho Chi Minh Campaign, and achieved complete victory. In just 55 days and nights, we completed the mission set out for the two years 1975 - 1976, completely liberating the South and unifying the country.
Third, the art of ending war is unique.
Taking the initiative to start and end the war is a unique feature in modern Vietnamese military art, demonstrating the mettle and intelligence of the Communist Party of Vietnam in the resistance war against American imperialism to save the country. After the Paris Agreement, with a sober and scientific analysis of the actual situation, the Party soon predicted two possibilities, making efforts to seize the possibility of winning by peaceful means, while proactively preparing to deal with the possibility of war. Taking advantage of the possibility of peace, the Party promptly directed the struggle to implement the Paris Agreement, maintaining the situation of "both fighting and negotiating", resolutely condemning and punishing the actions of the United States and the Republic of Vietnam government to sabotage the agreement. That was the process of combining the struggle on three fronts: military, political and diplomatic, continuing to change the balance of power on the battlefield and creating international public opinion favorable to the revolution.
Since the end of 1974, when the situation on the battlefield, the international situation and the United States had changed favorably, creating conditions for the Vietnamese people to move forward to achieve final victory. In that situation, the Politburo Conference (from September 30 to October 7, 1974) and the expanded Politburo Conference (from December 18, 1974 to January 8, 1975) issued a historic resolution, determined to completely liberate the South, completing the people's national democratic revolution throughout the country, within 2 years (1975 - 1976). Although the plan was proposed for 2 years, the Politburo also made it clear that if the opportunity came early, the South would be liberated immediately in 1975. Regarding the direction and requirements, the Politburo emphasized that it was necessary to seize the opportunity to carry out a general offensive - general uprising, to win quickly to reduce human and property losses for the people, while at the same time preserving economic bases and cultural works, and reducing the destruction of war. This was truly a great innovation in the art of directing the end of the war, demonstrating the intellectual height, ideology and profound humanistic tradition of the Vietnamese people.
To prepare for the end of the war, the Party advocated concentrating all forces, especially the military forces. Before the Spring of 1975, our army moved forward to organize army corps (6) . That was the right decision on organizing the army in accordance with the law of armed struggle: from division-scale combat against French colonialism to combat with army corps and combined arms in the fight against American imperialism. During the entire Spring of 1975 campaign, the Party concentrated most of the army corps into the decisive battle, leaving only one division to protect the North and serve as a strategic reserve. The Campaign Command used a very flexible and creative way of fighting, which was to use a suitable part of the force in each direction, strong enough to form encirclements, destroy, and disintegrate the enemy's main divisions on the outside; At the same time, we used the majority of our forces to quickly penetrate deep into key areas on the outskirts of the city, opening the way for the strong, tightly organized mechanized assault troops to advance quickly along the main roads, directly attacking the five selected targets in the inner city. With this way of fighting, our army could completely concentrate its strength to attack the main selected targets combined with destroying the enemy in the outer ring, not allowing the enemy inside and outside to come to the rescue and slow down our advance. In addition, closely coordinating with the key military strikes were the attacks and uprisings of the local people and army throughout the battlefield (especially the Mekong Delta) according to the method of communes liberating communes, districts liberating districts, provinces liberating provinces. By May 2, 1975, the South of our country was completely liberated. The glorious victory of the historic Ho Chi Minh Campaign confirmed that this way of fighting was completely correct.
The victory of the 1975 General Offensive and Uprising demonstrated the Party's initiative and creativity in ending the war. It started with choosing the right strategic offensive direction, directing the right way of fighting, quickly grasping the developments on the battlefield and being sensitive to all enemy attitudes, continuously supplementing strategic determination with an extremely fast pace of development and the element of surprise, the boldness of the general offensive. The highlight was creating opportunities, taking advantage of opportunities, promoting opportunities, accelerating the speed of attack to an unprecedented high, reducing casualties of soldiers and people.
Lessons for the cause of building and defending the socialist Fatherland in the current context
With the victory of the General Offensive and Uprising in the Spring of 1975, under the correct leadership of the Party, the Vietnamese people have successfully realized their aspirations for national liberation, independence and national reunification. In the current period, after nearly 40 years of renovation, Vietnam has achieved many great achievements in all fields. To continue realizing the aspiration to develop a strong and prosperous Vietnam by 2045, the valuable experiences from the Great Victory in the Spring of 1975 have profound significance, to be creatively applied in the current cause of renovation, construction and protection of the Fatherland.
First , firmly upholding the goal of national independence and socialism, firmly defending the socialist Fatherland of Vietnam, which needs to be developed and enhanced in the determination to fight poverty and backwardness, gradually overcoming the risk of falling further behind other countries and peoples in the region and the world; determined to maintain the socialist orientation, guard against the risk of deviation; prevent and combat corruption and negativity that threaten to distort the nature of the socialist regime; firmly defending the Vietnamese Fatherland and the socialist regime, fighting against the risk of "self-evolution" and "peaceful evolution", preventing and eliminating the seeds of riots and overthrow; ready to successfully deal with all plots and tricks of hostile forces.
Second , the Party must have a correct leadership line, suitable for the development of the times. The renovation line must correctly reflect the characteristics of the circumstances, historical conditions, traditions and identity of the Vietnamese people. That is the path to make socialism deeply rooted in the country and people of Vietnam, in the traditions, identity, history, experience, culture and civilization of the Vietnamese people.
Third , be proactive and decisive in taking advantage of opportunities to accelerate the cause of innovation. Currently, globalization and the increasingly deep international integration process of Vietnam have brought about opportunities and fortunes, but also brought about challenges and risks to the cause of building socialism in Vietnam. Therefore, the urgent issue now is to clearly identify and have reasonable strategies, take advantage of opportunities, overcome risks in order to develop the country quickly and sustainably, and maintain the socialist orientation in integration and development.
Fourth , combine national strength with the strength of the times. The foreign policy of our Party and State emphasizes: Vietnam is a friend, a reliable partner and an active, responsible member of the international community. In the context of the region and the world, both dialogue, cooperation and struggle, our people and nation hold high the flag of peace, persistently pursue the goal of "rich people, strong country, democracy, fairness and civilization", prevent the risks of war and conflict early and from afar; strengthen dialogue, push back confrontation, flexibly handle issues of partners and subjects, put the past behind, look to the future, implement solidarity, equality, friendship, mutually beneficial cooperation, develop the economy - society, consolidate and protect peace in each country, nation, region and the world.
(TCCS)
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